Start with the claim cluster, not the citation style.
Each file groups the public claim, its caution line, where it is used, and the receipts that justify keeping it live.
Claims, limits, and receipts.
Start with the public claim. Each file shows what the site says, where that claim is used, what limits it, and where the receipts live.
58 sources. Start with the public claim, then check the limit, grade, and receipts behind it. If something here is stale, overstated, or missing a limit, flag it through contact.
- Claims stay challengeable
- Source grade is visible
- Corrections stay public
1 live-fact file can move faster than receptor logic.
Program rules, service availability, and support details age faster than receptor logic. Latest volatile-fact sweep: May 1, 2026.
Name the broken claim plainly and attach the cleaner source.
The strongest corrections say what is wrong, what should replace it, and why the public claim no longer earns its place.
If a source is stale, overstated, missing a limit, or contradicted by better evidence, send the cleanest correction you have. The strongest inputs name the broken claim plainly, attach the better source, and say what should replace the public line.
Flag a broken claim → Claim file
Scale number is not the dose
Potency drift, species spread, flush variance, analog potency, and storage loss all move the landing underneath a clean-looking number.
Durable lab and field evidence 15 sources
Boundaries
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Competition data and operational datasets are useful context, not a replacement for direct testing.
[01]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Gotvaldová K, Hájková K, Borovička J, Jurok R, Cihlářová P, Kuchař M. "Stability of psilocybin and its four analogs in the biomass of the psychotropic mushroom *Psilocybe cubensis*." *Drug Testing and Analysis*. 2021;13(2):439–446.
Why it earns a place
Shows that psilocybin and related compounds degrade in stored mushroom biomass, so dry weight does not stay chemically stable by default.
[02]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Gotvaldová K, Borovička J, Hájková K, et al. "Extensive collection of psychotropic mushrooms with determination of their tryptamine alkaloids." *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*. 2022;23(22):14068.
Why it earns a place
Documents wide alkaloid variation across mushroom samples, reinforcing that the same weight can hide very different potency.
[03]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Bigwood J, Beug MW. "Variation of psilocybin and psilocin levels with repeated flushes (harvests) of mature sporocarps of *Psilocybe cubensis* (Earle) Singer." *Journal of Ethnopharmacology*. 1982;5(3):287–291.
Why it earns a place
Shows flush-to-flush variation inside the same grow, which undermines the idea that one prior dose fixes a future one.
[04]
Field dataset
Citation
Oakland Hyphae Psilocybin Cup, Spring 2021. HPLC analysis performed by Hyphae Labs, Oakland, CA. Tidal Wave "Enigma" blob mutation grown by Magic Myco Farm tested at 3.82% total tryptamines (2.26% psilocybin + 1.56% psilocin).
Why it earns a place
Field lab result showing extreme outlier potency in a popular mutation, useful as a real-world ceiling on how wrong generic mushroom assumptions can be.
[05]
Reference note
Citation
Stamets P, Gartz J. "A new caerulescent *Psilocybe* from the Pacific Coast of Northwestern North America." *Integration*. 1995;6:21–27.
Why it earns a place
Adds species-level potency evidence from a high-variance psilocybin mushroom outside the usual cubensis conversation.
[06]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Goff DC, et al. "Tryptamine alkaloid analysis of *Psilocybe zapotecorum*." *Journal of Psychedelic Studies*. 2024;8(1):63–81.
Why it earns a place
Adds another high-potency species example, reinforcing that species choice alone can invalidate generic weight guidance.
[07]
Reference note
Citation
Marinho PA, Leite EMA. "Quantification of LSD in illicit samples by high performance liquid chromatography." *Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences*. 2010;46(3).
Why it earns a place
Confirms that illicit LSD samples can be quantified analytically, but the dose still depends on what is actually on the paper or in the liquid.
[08]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, et al. "Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)." *Neuropharmacology*. 2020;172:107856.
Why it earns a place
Shows that 1-acyl LSD analogs convert biologically, which matters when users treat analog labels as if they were operationally identical to LSD.
[09]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, et al. "Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD)." *Drug Testing and Analysis*. 2016;8(9):891–902.
Why it earns a place
Supports the idea that 1P-LSD behaves as an LSD prodrug rather than a completely separate practical category.
[10]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, et al. "Return of the lysergamides. Part VI: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-cyclopropanoyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1cP-LSD)." *Drug Testing and Analysis*. 2020;12(6):812–826.
Why it earns a place
Adds similar analytical support for 1cP-LSD, keeping the analog conversation grounded in chemistry instead of forum lore.
[11]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Isbell H, Miner EJ, Logan CR. "Relationships of psychotomimetic to anti-serotonin potencies of congeners of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)." *Psychopharmacologia*. 1959;1(1):20–28.
Why it earns a place
Early potency-comparison work showing that lysergamide congeners do not produce interchangeable effects or strengths.
[12]
Reference note
Citation
Abramson HA. "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): XXII." *Journal of Psychology*. 1959;47:241–257.
Why it earns a place
Historic human work underscoring that nominal LSD labeling does not equal universal experiential intensity.
[13]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Grumann C, Henkel K, Brandt SD, et al. "Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of 1P-LSD in humans after oral and intravenous administration." *Drug Testing and Analysis*. 2020;12(8):1144–1153.
Why it earns a place
Provides pharmacokinetic and subjective-effect data for 1P-LSD in humans, useful for separating analog marketing from real exposure.
[14]
Peer reviewed
Citation
El-Seedi HR, De Smet PAGM, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn JG. "Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of *Lophophora* from Texas." *Journal of Ethnopharmacology*. 2005;101(1-3):238–242.
Why it earns a place
Shows that mescaline-containing material has its own alkaloid realities and should not be folded into psilocybin or LSD assumptions.
[15]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Liechti ME. "Modern clinical research on LSD." *Neuropsychopharmacology*. 2017;42:2114–2127.
Why it earns a place
Useful clinical overview of LSD effects and exposure framing, keeping LSD discussion tied to modern research rather than mythology.
Claim file
Physiology and context move the landing
Body weight is a weak predictor, while hormones, sleep, stress, cannabis, and cluster-specific use cases change how the same nominal dose lands.
Mostly durable physiology; individual state still needs current judgment 8 sources
Boundaries
Flag this claim →
These sources describe variability, not permission to overpower it with more dose.
[16]
Reference note
Citation
Garcia-Romeu A, Barrett FS, et al. Body weight and psilocybin response — pooled analysis from Johns Hopkins psilocybin studies. 288 subjects, weight range 49–113kg, 2.3-fold spread. No meaningful relationship between weight and subjective effects. Bayesian analysis by Imperial College (77 participants) confirmed BMI does not predict intensity.
Why it earns a place
Directly supports the claim that body weight is a weak predictor of psilocybin response and should not anchor dose advice.
[17]
Reference note
Citation
Menstrual cycle and 5-HT2A receptor modulation. Referenced in *ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science*. 2025.
Why it earns a place
Supports the claim that menstrual-cycle state can move receptor behavior and therefore change how the same dose lands.
[18]
Reference note
Citation
Sheline YI, Mintun MA, Moerlein SM, Snyder AZ. "Greater loss of 5-HT2A receptors in midlife than in late life." *American Journal of Psychiatry*. 2002;159:430–435.
Why it earns a place
Shows age-linked variation in 5-HT2A receptor availability, reinforcing that people do not start from identical biological baselines.
[19]
Reference note
Citation
Elmenhorst D, et al. Sleep deprivation and 5-HT2A receptor upregulation. Human PET imaging studies + mouse molecular studies (EGR3 transcription factor pathway).
Why it earns a place
Links sleep deprivation to receptor changes, supporting the claim that poor sleep can materially change the same dose.
[20]
Reference note
Citation
Chaouloff F, et al. Glucocorticoid regulation of serotonin receptor expression. Animal model studies showing cortisol-driven 5-HT2A density increases of 60–77% in hippocampal regions.
Why it earns a place
Supports the claim that stress physiology and glucocorticoid load can move serotonin-receptor expression and distort the landing.
[21]
Reference note
Citation
Isbell H, Jasinski DR. Cross-tolerance studies between LSD and cannabis. 1969.
Why it earns a place
Older cross-tolerance evidence showing cannabis can alter psychedelic response rather than behaving like neutral background context.
[22]
Reference note
Citation
Hamill J, et al. "Cannabis and psychedelic experience interaction." Prospective survey of 321 participants. *Journal of Psychopharmacology*. 2021.
Why it earns a place
Prospective interaction data showing cannabis meaningfully changes psychedelic experience and should be logged as part of the map.
[46]
Program / service record
Citation
Schindler EAD, et al. "Indoleamine hallucinogens in cluster headache: results of the Clusterbusters medication use survey." *Journal of Psychoactive Drugs*. 2015;47(5):372–381.
Why it earns a place
Supports the claim that use-case context matters because psychedelic response and practice pressures differ sharply across populations like cluster-headache users.
Claim file
Medication state outranks dose math
Medication chemistry changes signal strength, risk boundaries, and what the next honest move should be before dose size matters at all.
Durable receptor logic plus a few live-regulatory references 19 sources
Boundaries
Flag this claim →
Oregon program material and service guidance should still be re-checked when a question is time-sensitive or clinical.
[23]
Program / service record
Citation
Oregon Psilocybin Services — Three key documents:
Why it earns a place
Operational program guidance showing why medication-state questions should be cleared before dose math or schedule adjustments.
[24]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Pokorny T, Preller KH, Kraehenmann R, Vollenweider FX. "Modulatory effect of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone and the mixed non-hallucinogenic 5-HT1A/2A agonist ergotamine on psilocybin-induced psychedelic experience." *European Neuropsychopharmacology*. 2016;26(4):756–766.
Why it earns a place
Shows buspirone can materially modulate psilocybin effects, supporting caution around non-SSRI blunting assumptions.
[25]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Gukasyan N, et al. "Attenuation of psilocybin mushroom effects during and after SSRI/SNRI antidepressant use." *Journal of Psychopharmacology*. 2023;37(7):707–716.
Why it earns a place
Human data supporting the claim that SSRI and SNRI use can attenuate psychedelic effects during use and after discontinuation.
[26]
Reference note
Citation
Hypertensive emergency with MI from psilocybin + tranylcypromine + Adderall XR. *Journal of Psychoactive Drugs*. 2024.
Why it earns a place
High-consequence case evidence showing stimulant and MAOI combinations can move from blunting questions into real acute risk.
[27]
Reference note
Citation
Ketanserin and LSD duration reduction: Referenced in Preller KH, et al. clinical trial data. Ketanserin shortened LSD duration by ~60%. Vollenweider FX, et al. (1998): Risperidone 1mg blocked 98–99% of psilocybin effects.
Why it earns a place
Supports the claim that receptor blockade can sharply shorten or suppress psychedelic effects, which matters for medication interpretation.
[28]
Reference note
Citation
Vanattou-Saïfoudine N, et al. "Caffeine interactions with psychostimulants." *British Journal of Pharmacology*. 2012;167(5):946–959.
Why it earns a place
Useful caution for stimulant and caffeine stacking, reinforcing that jitter, strain, and dirty reads are not always dose problems.
[29]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR. "Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction." *Journal of Psychopharmacology*. 2014;28(11):983–992.
Why it earns a place
Included here as clinical use-context evidence that pharmacology and behavioral conditions around psilocybin matter to the resulting read.
[30]
Peer reviewed
Citation
L-theanine systematic review: *BMC Psychiatry*. 2024. PMC: [11616108](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11616108/)
Why it earns a place
Supports conservative handling of calming adjuncts like L-theanine instead of treating them as consequence-free signal cleaners.
[43]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Russo EB. "Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects." *British Journal of Pharmacology*. 2011;163(7):1344–1364.
Why it earns a place
Supports caution around THC synergy by showing cannabis is not a neutral companion variable.
[44]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Bahi A, et al. "β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces anxiolytic-like effects." *Physiology & Behavior*. 2014;135:119–124.
Why it earns a place
Supports the claim that terpene and cannabinoid adjuncts can change affective tone, complicating a clean psychedelic read.
[47]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Vegting Y, Reneman L, Booij J. "The effects of ecstasy on neurotransmitter systems: a review on the findings of molecular imaging studies." *Psychopharmacology*. 2016;233(19-20):3473–3501.
Why it earns a place
Review of 33 molecular imaging studies. In humans, 14 of 16 studies found reduced serotonin transporter binding in ecstasy/MDMA users, especially heavy users, supporting a persistent serotonergic neurotoxicity concern.
[48]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Cosyns B, Droogmans S, Rosenhek R, Lancellotti P. "Drug-induced valvular heart disease." *Heart*. 2013;99(1):7–12.
Why it earns a place
Review noting that MDMA ('Ecstasy') has been associated with drug-induced valvular heart disease, with some reported cases requiring valve surgery even years after cessation.
[49]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Ermakova AO, Dunbar F, Rucker J, Johnson MW. "A narrative synthesis of research with 5-MeO-DMT." *Journal of Psychopharmacology*. 2022;36(3):273–294.
Why it earns a place
Review describing 5-MeO-DMT as a short-acting serotonergic tryptamine with highest affinity at 5-HT1A receptors. Human clinical data remain limited and standard psychedelic precautions apply.
[50]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Nayak SM, Gukasyan N, Barrett FS, Erowid E, Erowid F, Griffiths RR. "Classic Psychedelic Coadministration with Lithium, but Not Lamotrigine, is Associated with Seizures: An Analysis of Online Psychedelic Experience Reports." *Pharmacopsychiatry*. 2021;54(5):240–245.
Why it earns a place
47% of 62 lithium-plus-psychedelic reports involved seizures and 39% involved medical attention, while none of 34 lamotrigine reports involved seizures.
[51]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Mason BJ, Blackburn KH. "Possible serotonin syndrome associated with tramadol and sertraline coadministration." *Annals of Pharmacotherapy*. 1997;31(2):175–177.
Why it earns a place
Case report highlighting tramadol's serotonergic activity and the potential for serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic agents.
[52]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Alexander C, Jeon J, Nickerson K, Hassler S, Vasefi M. "CBD and the 5-HT1A receptor: A medicinal and pharmacological review." *Biochemical Pharmacology*. 2025;233:116742.
Why it earns a place
Review describing CBD's anxiolytic and other neurotherapeutic effects as attributable in part to interactions with 5-HT1A receptors, while noting ongoing mechanistic debate.
[53]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D. "Drug-drug interactions involving classic psychedelics: A systematic review." *Journal of Psychopharmacology*. 2024;38(1):3–18.
Why it earns a place
Systematic review of 52 human studies on classic psychedelic drug-drug interactions, covering antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, recreational drugs, and other classes.
[54]
Peer reviewed
Citation
McIntyre RS. "Serotonin 5-HT2B receptor agonism and valvular heart disease: implications for the development of psilocybin and related agents." *Expert Opinion on Drug Safety*. 2023;22(10):881–883.
Why it earns a place
Editorial focused specifically on the 5-HT2B valvulopathy question for psilocybin, LSD, and related agents.
[55]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Mueller L, Santos de Jesus J, Schmid Y, et al. "Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Low-Dose LSD for ADHD Treatment in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial." *JAMA Psychiatry*. 2025;82(6):555–562.
Why it earns a place
Phase 2A randomized clinical trial: 20 μg LSD or placebo twice weekly for 6 weeks (12 total doses). LSD was physically safe and psychologically well tolerated overall, but the study was not designed to settle long-horizon cardiac risk.
Claim file
Tolerance distorts the read fast
Cross-tolerance, low-dose attenuation, receptor occupancy, and recovery timing all point to the same practical rule: stop reading repeated exposure as a stable baseline.
Durable pharmacology with a clear operational takeaway 8 sources
Boundaries
Flag this claim →
The studies describe average recovery curves, not personal clearance.
[31]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Isbell H, Belleville RE, Fraser HF, Wikler A, Logan CR. "Studies on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). I. Effects in former morphine addicts and development of tolerance during chronic intoxication." *A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry*. 1956;76(5):468–478.
Why it earns a place
Classic tolerance evidence showing repeated LSD exposure quickly changes response, making repeated readouts unreliable.
[32]
Reference note
Citation
de Wit H, et al. "Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose-response study." *Addiction Biology*. 2022;27(2):e13143.
Why it earns a place
Modern repeated-low-dose LSD data supporting rapid adaptation even at microdose ranges.
[33]
Reference note
Citation
Hutten NRPW, et al. "Mood and cognition after administration of low LSD doses in healthy volunteers." *European Neuropsychopharmacology*. 2020;41:81–91.
Why it earns a place
Supports the claim that repeated low LSD dosing changes mood and cognition in ways that complicate a clean baseline.
[34]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Madsen MK, et al. "Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels." *Neuropsychopharmacology*. 2019;44:1328–1334.
Why it earns a place
Links psychedelic effects to receptor occupancy and psilocin exposure, reinforcing that pharmacology, not folklore, sets the range.
[39]
Reference note
Citation
Polito V, Liknaitzky P. "Is microdosing a placebo?" *Journal of Psychopharmacology*. 2024.
Why it earns a place
Useful corrective against placebo-only stories by forcing the tolerance and expectancy discussion into the same frame.
[40]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Holze F, et al. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lysergic acid diethylamide microdoses in healthy participants." *Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics*. 2021;109(3):658–666.
Why it earns a place
Microdose pharmacokinetic data showing that low-dose LSD still has measurable time-course behavior users need to respect.
[41]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Madsen MK, et al. "Psilocybin dose-dependently causes delayed, transient headaches." *European Neuropsychopharmacology*. 2020;33:71–80.
Why it earns a place
Supports the claim that even lower-dose psilocybin work can produce recurring physiological effects like headache, not just subtle mindset changes.
[42]
Reference note
Citation
Buchborn T, et al. "Tolerance to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Overview, Correlates, and Clinical Implications." In: Preedy VR (ed.), *Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse*, Vol. 2, pp. 846–858. Academic Press, 2016.
Why it earns a place
Broad tolerance review that helps translate scattered findings into the practical rule: stop reading repeated exposure as a stable baseline.
Claim file
Storage and prep change whether material stays trustworthy
Heat, light, solvent, hydrolysis, and measurement method can quietly break trust in the material long before the user notices.
Durable preparation and stability evidence 7 sources
Boundaries
Flag this claim →
Storage advice ages more slowly than legal or service facts, but method details still deserve careful handling.
[35]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Li Z, McNally AJ, Wang H, Salamone SJ. "Stability Study of LSD Under Various Storage Conditions." *Journal of Analytical Toxicology*. 1998;22(6):520–525.
Why it earns a place
Shows LSD stability shifts under storage conditions, so mishandled material can quietly drift away from the original assumption.
[36]
Reference note
Citation
Do HN, et al. "Propylene glycol formulation for LSD stability." *Pharmaceutics*. 2025.
Why it earns a place
Supports formulation and solvent-specific stability logic for LSD, especially when users move into liquid prep.
[37]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Gutman ES, et al. "Stability and degradation of O-acetylpsilocin (4-AcO-DMT)." *Journal of Forensic Sciences*. 2023.
Why it earns a place
Shows that 4-AcO-DMT is not chemically trivial to store, reinforcing that prep method can quietly rewrite trust.
[38]
Field dataset
Citation
2C-B solubility: Cayman Chemical Safety Data Sheets. 2C-B HBr: ~50mg/mL in water with heating, ~20mg/mL at room temperature. 2C-B HCl: ~5mg/mL. Phenethylamines described as "incredibly tough molecules" with 10+ year solid-state shelf life.
Why it earns a place
Practical materials reference showing that solubility and compound toughness vary, which matters when people improvise volumetric prep.
[56]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Shahar O, Botvinnik A, Shwartz A, et al. "Effect of chemically synthesized psilocybin and psychedelic mushroom extract on molecular and metabolic profiles in mouse brain." *Molecular Psychiatry*. 2024;29(7):2059–2073.
Why it earns a place
Mouse-brain study from Hebrew University / Hadassah BrainLabs reporting distinct molecular and metabolic profiles after synthesized psilocybin versus mushroom extract exposure. Relevant as a caution against treating whole-mushroom material and synthetic psilocybin as interchangeable calibration inputs.
[57]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Szigeti B, Kaertner L, Blemings A, et al. "Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing." *eLife*. 2021;10:e62878.
Why it earns a place
Self-blinding citizen-science study with 191 participants. Both microdose and placebo groups improved across the month-long dose period, with no significant between-group differences on the main psychological outcomes.
[58]
Peer reviewed
Citation
Eisner B. "Set, setting, and matrix." *Journal of Psychoactive Drugs*. 1997;29(2):213–216.
Why it earns a place
Classic framing that extends set and setting into the wider life matrix a person comes from, lives in during the session period, and returns to afterward.
Claim file
Human support beats improvised escalation
Acute distress, high-uncertainty reactions, and public accountability need real escalation paths, not more clever copy.
Live facts require re-checking 1 sources
Boundaries
Flag this claim →
Support hours, phone numbers, and service availability are live facts. Re-check them when the question is active.
[45]
Program / service record
Citation
Fireside Project
Why it earns a place
Documents the actual peer-support service route behind the site’s human-escalation recommendations.